Facts About the Ocean As a Marine Life Habitat

Within the worlds oceans, there are many different marine habitats. But what about the ocean as a whole? Here you can learn facts about the ocean, how many oceans there are and why theyre important. Basic Facts About the Ocean From space, Earth has been described as a blue marble. Know why? Because most of the Earth is covered by ocean. In fact, almost three-quarters (71%, or 140 million square miles) of the Earth is an ocean. With such an enormous area, theres no argument that healthy oceans are vital to a healthy planet. The ocean is not divided evenly between the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemispheres. The Northern Hemisphere contains more land than the ocean—39% land versus the 19% land in the Southern Hemisphere. How Did the Ocean Form? Of course, the ocean dates back long before any of us, so nobody knows for sure how the ocean originated, but it is thought that it came from water vapor present in the Earth. As the Earth cooled, this water vapor eventually evaporated, formed clouds and caused rain. Over a long time, the rain poured into low spots on the Earths surface, creating the first oceans. As the water ran off the land, it captured minerals, including salts, which formed salt water. The Importance of the Ocean What does the ocean do for us? There are many ways the ocean is important, some more obvious than others. The ocean: Provides food.Provides oxygen through the photosynthesis of tiny plant-like organisms called phytoplankton. These organisms provide an estimated 50-85% of the oxygen we breathe and also have the ability to store excess carbon.Regulates climate.Is a source of important products such as medicines, and things that we use in food such as thickeners and stabilizers (which may be made from marine algae).Provides recreational opportunities.Contains natural resources such as natural gas and oil.Provide highways for transportation and trade. More than 98% of U.S. foreign trade occurs via the ocean. How Many Oceans Are There? The salt water on the Earth is sometimes just referred to as the ocean, because really, all of the worlds oceans are connected. There are currents, winds, tides, and waves that circulate water around this world ocean constantly. But to make geography a bit easier, the oceans have been divided and named. Below are the oceans, from largest to smallest. Click here for more details on each of the oceans. Pacific Ocean: The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean and the largest single geographic feature on Earth. It is bound by the western coast of North and South America to the east, the coasts of Asia, and Australia to the west, and the more newly-designated (2000) the Southern Ocean to the south.Atlantic Ocean: The Atlantic Ocean is smaller and shallower than the Pacific Ocean and is bound by North and South America to the west, Europe, and Africa to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north and the Southern Ocean to the south.Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean is the third-largest ocean. It is bound by Africa to the west, Asia and Australia to the east, and the Southern Ocean to the south.Southern, or Antarctic, Ocean: The Southern Ocean was designated from parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans in 2000 by the International Hydrographic Organization. This is the fourth largest ocean and surrounds Antarctica. It is bounded on the north by parts of South America, Africa, and Austral ia.Arctic Ocean: The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean. It lies mostly north of the Arctic Circle and is bounded by Europe, Asia, and North America. What Is Sea Water Like? Sea water might be less salty than youd imagine. Salinity (the salt content) of the sea differs across different areas of the ocean, but on average is have about 35 parts per thousand (about 3.5 % salt in salt water). To recreate the salinity in a glass of water, youd need to put about a teaspoon of table salt into a glass of water. The salt in sea water is different from table salt, though. Our table salt is made up of the elements sodium and chlorine, but the salt in sea water contains more than 100 elements, including magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Water temperatures in the ocean can vary greatly, from about 28-86 F. Ocean Zones When learning about marine life and their habitats, youll learn that different marine life may live in different ocean zones. Two major zones include: Pelagic Zone, considered the open ocean.Benthic zone, which is the ocean bottom. The ocean is also divided into zones according to how much sunlight they receive. There is the euphotic zone, which receives enough light to permit photosynthesis. The disphotic zone, where there is just a small amount of light, and also the aphotic zone, which has no light at all. Some animals, like whales, sea turtles and fish may occupy several zones throughout their lives or in different seasons. Other animals, like sessile barnacles, may stay in one zone for most of their lives. Major Habitats in the Ocean Habitats in the ocean range from warm, shallow, light-filled waters to deep, dark, cold areas. Major habitats include: Intertidal Zone, where land and sea meet. This is an area subject to great challenges for its marine life, as it is covered with water at high tide and water is largely absent at low tide. Therefore, its marine life must adapt to sometimes great changes in temperature, salinity, and moisture throughout the day.Mangroves: Mangroves are another salt water habitat along the coast. These areas are covered by salt-tolerant mangrove trees and are important nursery areas for a variety of marine life.Seagrasses, or seagrass beds: Seagrasses are flowering plants and live in a marine or brackish environment, usually in protected areas such as bays, lagoons, and estuaries. Seagrasses are another important habitat to a number of organisms and provide nursery areas for tiny marine life.Reefs: Coral reefs are often described as the rainforest of the sea because of their great biodiversity. The majority of coral reefs are found in warm tropical and sub-tropical areas, although deep-water corals do exist in some colder habitats.Pelagic Zone: The pelagic zone, also described above, is where some of the biggest marine life, including cetaceans and sharks, are found.Reefs: Coral reefs are often referred to as the rainforests of the sea because of their great diversity. Although reefs are most often found in warm, shallow tropical and sub-tropical waters, there are also deep-water corals that live in cold water. One of the most well-known coral reefs is the Great Barrier Reef off Australia.The Deep Sea: Although these cold, deep and dark areas of the ocean may appear inhospitable, scientists are realizing that they support a wide variety of marine life. These are also important areas to study, as 80% of the ocean consists of waters greater than 1,000 meters in depth.Hydrothermal Vents: While they are located in the deep sea, hydrothermal vents provide a unique, mineral-rich habitat for hundreds of species, including bacteria-like organisms called archaea that turn chemicals from t he vents into energy using a process called chemosynthesis, and other animals such as tubeworms, clams, mussels, crabs, and shrimp.Kelp Forests: Kelp forests are found in cold, productive, and relatively shallow waters. These underwater forests include an abundance of brown algae called kelp. These giant plants provide food and shelter for a variety of marine life. In the U.S., the kelp forests that may most readily come to mind are those off  of the west coast of the U.S. (e.g., California).Polar Regions: Polar habitats are areas near the Earths poles, with the Arctic in the north and the Antarctic to the south. These areas are cold, windy and have wide fluctuations in daylight throughout the year. While these areas seem uninhabitable for humans, marine life thrives there, with many migratory animals traveling to these areas to feed on abundant krill and other prey. They are also home to iconic marine animals such as polar bears  (in the Arctic) and penguins (in the Antarctic). Polar regions have been subject to increasing attention due to concerns about climate change—as it is in these areas where a warming of Earths temperatures would likely be most detectable and significant. Sources CIA - The World Factbook.Coulombe, D.A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster: New York.National Marine Sanctuaries. 2007. Ecosystems: Kelp Forests.WHOI. Polar Discovery. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.Tarbuck, E.J., Lutgens, F.K. and Tasa, D. Earth Science, Twelfth Edition. 2009. Pearson Prentice Hall: New Jersey.

The True Hero Exploring Heroic Code - 1308 Words

The True Hero: Exploring Heroic Code in Germanic Society In the great epic Beowulf, the reader is able to delve into the Anglo-Saxon world and grow familiar with the heroic code. As a story passed from mouth to mouth as generations came and went, Beowulf still stands as one of the greatest heroic epics. The story teaches the reader a great deal about the time when it was written. In a world so heavily influenced by the perfect hero, the Anglo-Saxon people were able to look onto Beowulf as a source of great instruction and something that men women and children would be able to idolize. The heroic code was instilled by the Anglo-Saxon people as a code of conduct one followed to ensure one was operating as a commendable member of society. The idea of the perfect hero was the ultimate goal for any king or man of the time. The characteristics of selflessness and bravery were admired beyond anything else, and a true hero would embody them. In every sense of the word Beowulf embodied the essence of the heroic code and stood as a role model of ide al kingship for people to follow even in today’s world. This essay will outline how Beowulf exemplifies heroic code through his selfless and bravery, strength, and the unconditional love Beowulf’s men had for him through his own inspiration and dedication to his work. Even from the beginning of the epic, the reader is given proof of Beowulf’s outstanding selfless nature and creed. From the moment he steps foot on Danish soil he exuded aShow MoreRelatedThe Leatherstocking Tales Character Analysis868 Words   |  4 PagesExploring Hawkeye The novel series, â€Å"The Leatherstocking Tales,† by James Fenimore Cooper, takes place in the 1750s on a colonial frontier, near the great lakes. Natty Bumppo, better known as Hawkeye, has to do his best with all that he has to work with. Throughout the story, the reader is exposed to what kind of a character Hawkeye is. 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Comparative Indian Legal System

Questions: 1. What is the underlying ideology or religion that is served by the legal system and what are its central tenets? 2. how are those central tenets manifested in the legal system. 3. Given the central tenets of the legal system you have selected, could it co-exist in a type of legal pluralism with the Australian legal system? Answers: For the purpose of study in this paper, I have taken Indian legal system and have explained the underlying ideology of creating it as well as its central tenets. The integration of such central tenets in the legal system as well as the possibility of its co-existence as the legal pluralism with the Australian legal system is also discussed in the paper. What is the Underlying Ideology or Religion that is Served by the Legal System and what are its Central Tenets? The most common legal systems around the world are the common law system, the civil law system, the socialist legality system, and the religious law system. The Indian legal system can be considered as a common law system; however it can also be classified as an open legal system which has taken elements from civil, socialist and religious legal systems as per the needs and requirements of the society.[1] As we understand that India is one of the oldest civilized nations in the world thus the legal system of India is one of oldest yet it has been changed as and when required under the constitution of India to take in inferences from other legal systems. Indian legal system is governed under the Constitution of India as it exhibits the Anglo-Saxon nature of judiciary. The legal system of India is much diversified in nature due to presence of various cultures, local traditions and customs following different ideologies yet following almost similar ethical and legal standards. Various personal and common laws governs the diverse religious population of India. The legal system of India is an integrated system of courts whose administration function is used to govern whereas the courts utilize the combination of state and union laws. The hierarchical order of courts legitimizes the authority of the Supreme Court of India as the highest order making body in the Indian legal system. The diverse geography of India has various states and each state has their own High Courts as well as various subordinate courts.[2] As discussed earlier, India, as a nation is governed under the common law system which is improved after regular judicial pronouncements and legislative actions as per the Indian culture and societal requirements. The Indian legal system has al so been moving towards the model of social justice as other territories with common law system. The legal system of India is working under the framework by defining the procedure, structure, power and duty prescribed under the Indian constitution. The federal natured Indian constitution has 25 part containing 448 articles with 12 schedules under 5 appendices and has witnessed 98 amendments till date. The tier-wide power spread among the courts in India indicates Supreme Court at highest authority with the hierarchical order followed by the High Courts, District Courts and Magistrates of Second Class and Civil Judge. 24 High Courts are governing and maintain the law and order at state level. The Indian legal system is divided into two branches:[3] Criminal Law The Criminal Law deals with acts like theft, homicide, abuse etc. A Criminal Law procedure starts with filing a FIR (First Information Report), followed by police investigation and trials in court. The India Penal Code (IPC) forms the backbone of criminal law in India. It has been amended several times since it came to force in the early British Raj in 1862.It is subdivided into 23 chapters which contains 511 sections and covers a wide range of criminal offenses.[4] The much talked about Section 377 which criminalizes gay sex falls under chapter XVI and is titled Of Unnatural Offences. Civil Law The Civil Law entails the cases where harm is caused to the rights of individuals like disputes related to land, goods, rent and divorce. The procedure of civil cases commences with filing a petition in the relevant court by the affected party only. Indian Laws Pertaining to Women and Children Various laws pertaining to the safety and security of women such as Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1956,Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, Indecent Representation of Women Act, 1986, Commission of Sati Act, 1987, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013 etc. are constituted in Indian legal system. Various laws pertaining to the safety and security of children such as Reformatory Schools Act, 1897, Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act, 1956, Children Act, 1960, Child Labour Act, 1986, Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles Infant Foods Amendment Act, 2003, Commissions for the Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005, Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, and Juvenile Justice Amendment Act, 2006 are constituted in Indian legal system. Apart from this there are other religion based laws legal in Indian legal system pertaining to other religions such as Hindu law, Muslim Law, Christian Law and Sikh Law. Overall the Indian legal system is highly complex in nature and has the lengthy law structure compared to other countries in the world. How are those Central Tenets Manifested in the Legal System? The legal systems are supposed to acknowledge the rights while laying down the duties of residents of the society. It also identifies different methods and ways to impose and implement the regulations under its constitution. The legal systems around the world are created on the basis of regularly changing social, economic and political situation in any society. The legal systems have futuristic goals and documented as well as evolving regulations to help the society to achieve the desired goals. Indian legal system has given space to other religion laws into its structure, which can function individually within the gambit of Indian legal system. The Indian legal system till now follows central tenets from the British raj. The laws made at that time still are in power in Indian legal system with some current modifications. The Indian legal system draws various similarities from the British Common Law system as the judges are given full authorities to develop the rules, regulations and laws by passing the judgments.[5] The Indian legal system has its own federal structure with a combination of both central and state government and courts working towards the interests of the Indian society. The Indian laws have been creased under the constitution of India (initialed applied on January 26, 1950) which has been adopted by the parliament of India as well as is regarded as the primary source of law. Other sources are usual in nature such as different case laws, ratification in the existing laws passed by the Indian parliament, various decree and statutes as well as regular customary legal changes and treaties. Indian government and nation as a whole is governed under the constitution and its various charters which are regarded as the fundamental principles of law. The Indian constitution, as the primary legal background of system, was created by the Constituent Assembly under the leadership of Dr. BhimraoAmbedkar. The assembly drafted the Indian constitution with the help of constitutional documents of various nations such as Ireland, USA, Canada, and Australia. The primary document of Indian constitution is divided into 22 parts and it contains 395 articles in 12 schedules . Indian constitution has adopted various statutes as legislative acts which are endorsed for recommend the conduct in society, promotion of welfare of the population as well as defining the crimes and their punishments. Other major regulations are adopted through session laws as state legislature, official gazettes as the publication of the government of India in form of ordinances and regulations as well as Individual Central and State Bare Acts. The constitution is amended and new laws are also created using different case laws or various court decisions. As discussed earlier the hierarchy of the courts sometimes requires amendment of laws as per case laws and judgments by different courts of Indian legal system. Indian legal system has been structured very keenly and has been created very carefully keeping in view the sovereignty of people of India.[6] The Indian constitution Article 14 21 manifests the central tenets of the principles of natural justice. The common law of natural justice is clearly prevalent in the substantive and procedural process under the Article 21 which imposes the fairness for the implementation of the principles of natural justice. Any violation of the above fairness of the implementation of the principles of natural justice is supposed to be resulted in the arbitrariness process under the Article 14 which indicates the violation of Equality clause.With regards to the ideology and religion, the Indian constitution claims India as a secular republic nation as well as a fundamental right to freedom of religion has been granted to the citizen of India. The constitutional preamble reads that India is a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic mandating equal treatment and tolerance of all religions. By not having any official state religion and language, Indian constitution provides all Indians a right to practice, preach, and propagate any religion of their choice. Most of the religious communities are governed under their personal laws such as Hindus Personal Laws, Muslims Personal Law, Christians Personal Laws, Zoroastrians Personal Laws, and Jews Personal Laws.[7] The family laws are different as well and the nation is still in processes of progressing towards a uniform civil code. Given the Central Tenets of the Legal System you have Selected, could it Co-exist in a Type of Legal Pluralism with the Australian Legal System? As experienced while analyzing the various legal systems that core ideology behind installing a legal system is to serve a particular ideology or religion. The legal system can be defined as a set of authorized doctrines and principles which are used for the protection and promotion of cultured living standards in societies. The legal pluralism can be described as the existence of various legal systems within a specified geographical domain, as discussed in the above tenet discussion India, country which calls itself as sovereign socialist secular democratic republic, has various legal system present under its constitution such as civil laws, criminal laws as well as various personal laws on the basis of religion ex. Hindu law, Muslim law and Christian law etc. India is known to be a country, a land of pluralism par excellence because of the coexistence of different forms of religion, language and diverse culture.[8] India has special Islamic courts which addresses the concerns of Mu slim community by following the Islamic laws and other generally secular courts deal with the cases of other communities. Australia also enjoys great multicultural population however the multiculturalism can also lead to controversies as it led in India with regards to Uniform Civil Law (Muslim communities going against it). Existence of ethnic ghettos and inter-racial tension can also increase due to such cultural diversity. I believe that Yes, Indian and Australian legal systems can co-exist on the face of legal pluralism because of various reasons. Both the nations enjoy a similar political approach towards their parliament, constitution, courts as well as legal system. The similarities with regards to the law reform system also indicate that both can co-exist. As in Australia, like India the law reforms are institutionalized through a long yet secured process of public services initiative and government resourcefulness. Recent example of a newly created a National Corporations Law in Australia presents a clear example of the process followed for creating and institutionalizing the laws. The reforms initiated in the old laws of Aboriginal Australians and incorporation of gender related bias in the existing laws indicates that the roots are quite similar with the Indian legal system.[9] The basic underlying reason behind these similarities is the basis incarnation of legal system of both the nations happened from British legal system. It is quite evident that Australian legal system embeds the different cultures, old prejudices as well as allegiances yet the possibility of reforms and a simple reform process presents a great opportunity of legal pluralism. Indian and Australian legal systems can co-exist as well as must work together for reforming their legal system as per modern requirements and necessities. As quite visible in last few decades, Australia has been rejecting the total embrace of principles which are different to British common laws and anglo-centric values. As Australia recognizes the existence of customary laws, still the rights of people are regulated and they are not able to argue common law cases considering high complexities involved in the legal proceedings.[10] Thus the reliance on the native customary law is almost limited as its only existence is recognized under the common law. The join reform committee of both nations can work together to achieve the shared objectives of simplification of laws and other reforms in their legal and judicial systems. However as per the 2013 report of Joint Standing Committee on Migration was not very appreciative of the existence of the de facto legal pluralism in Australia. The Australian legal system can also use the value and reforms institutionalized by the Indian constitution with regards to acceptance of the other legal systems and promotion of legal pluralism. The eminent lawyers of both the nations should work together to fight the neglect and introduce reforms. Both the nations can also utilize the each-others constitutional decisions. As discussed earlier that Indian constitution committee had used a part of Australian constitution as well while drafting their constitution, thus it presents a great opportunity for both the nations to work together and reform their legal systems.[11] Both the nations can utilize their central tenets the legal system to co-exist in a type of legal pluralism with the legal systems of each-other. Indian and Australian courts can work together with regards to the development of the common laws and reform administration in the same domain to promote the simplicity in their legal systems. The complex cultural and social situation in India and their judicial management is the domain where Indian lawmakers can help the world. The diversity of cultures and social institution as well as the failure of the government to address the related issues, the strong Indian judicial system has provided a great alternative of the common people of India.The uppermost authoritative court of India, the Supreme Court has been a key contributor to reforms and redressal in laws and regulations for the betterment of the society. Australia also enjoys the similar professionally sound and creative law reform and regulation management system to achieve the desired updates in the old laws and institutionalize the new ones.[12] Institutionalizing the Australian Law Reform Commission was one the most smart judiciary reform that has helped Australian legal system to be dynamic as well as appropriate for the current hanging environments. State Law Reform Commissions have been the engineers of the path to provide new reforms in the law through their experience and judiciary changes. The reform commissions have been continuously working on reforming the laws with regards to sentencing, disability, defamation, uniform succession, and medical treatment consent and many more. India also has been able to revoke and remove thousands of redundant laws and reforming them to make them modern and simpler. This presents a great opportunity for the lawyers and judges of both the nations to work towards the legal pluralism in each-others constitutions. The similarities in the constitution with regards to federal and common laws as well as language, the statutory lineage of large areas of public and private laws etc. clearly indicate that both the nations can utilize their central tenets the legal system to co-exist in a type of legal pluralism with the legal systems of each-other. References 1. Avinash Gadhre, Law and Religion (July01, 2015) Legal Services India https://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/law-and-religion-1852-1.html Ashok Jain, Structure Of Indian Legal System:-Original Origin And Development (2014) 4 International journal of law and legal jurisprudence studies G Peiris, Involuntary Manslaughter in Commonwealth Law (1985) 5 Legal Studies F C Hutley, The Legal Traditions of Australia as Contrasted with Those of the United States (1981) 55 Australian Law Journal H R Khanna, The Making of India's Constitution (Eastern Book Co, 1st ed, 1981) Privy Council Limitation of Appeals)Act 1968 (Australia) S J Sorabjee, Public Interest Litigation for Protection and Promotion of Human Rights: The Indian Experience (1996) 1 New Zealand Law Conference Proceedings M Sornarajah, Duress and Murder in Commonwealth Law (1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly Rene David and John E.C. Brierley, Major Legal Systems In The World Today(2012) 10 Journal of Law S Yeo, Lessons on Provocation from the Indian Penal Code (1992) 41 International and Comparative Law Quarterly SLIF, Indian Judicial System (2011) https://www.silf.org.in/16/indian-judicial-system.htm Theophanous v The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd and Anor (1994) 182 CLR 104.

Repurchase Reasons and Market Reaction †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Repurchase Reasons and Market Reaction. Answer: Introduction: In the present case, the subject matter is evolved with two topics. The first thing is the oppressive remedy and the second one is that the dividends (Akyol Foo, 2013). The commonwealth countries are enjoying certain statutory powers that help them to get certain benefits. One of such benefit is oppression remedy. This remedy is given to the oppression shareholders so that they can take action against the corporation if the corporation acts oppressively or unfairly (Dhaliwal, et al., 2014). This doctrine was for the first time introduced in the case of Foss v Harbottle (1843) 67 ER 189. It was held in that case that if the action of the company is prejudiced the shareholders at large, they can take action against the company or the corporation (Galloway, 2016). This rule is applicable to all the commonwealth countries. The word unfair prejudiced means if the company is engaging themselves in the process of illegal avoidance regarding any specific shareholders. It has been observed i n the case of Re HR Harmer Ltd. that any person who has actively taken part to the internal affairs of the company can file the oppression. It had observed by Judge Lord Jenkins that any person that has certain interest with the company could bring an action against the company regarding the oppression cases against the company that hurt the corporate personality of that person on certain illegal basis (Garling et al., 2013). It has been stated under section 234 of the Corporation Act 2001 that there are certain category of persons who can get the option to file a case regarding the same. the persons are as follows: Oppression can be filed by any person who is a member of the company; It can be filed by a person who was removed from his post under certain circumstances; A person can also file a case with the consent of the Australian Security and Investments Commission. There is a provision under the Corporation Act regarding the person whose shares are transmitted by will or the shares are allotted to him by operation of law. The affairs of the company should be so that goes against the interest of the shareholders. The acts of the company should be clear enough to prejudice the interest of the shareholders (Hooi, S.E., Albaitty Ibrahimy, 2015). It has been observed in this case that the constitution of the company provides certain dividend benefits to the holders specially those who are enjoying the benefits of the A class shares. It has been stated under the rules of the Corporation Act 2001 that the rules mentioned under the constitution of an company are mandatory in nature and it will be applicable on everyone (Iftikhar, Raja Sehran, 2017). The provisions of the constitution can only be changed in the form of by way of special resolution. However, it has seen that the company had decided not to pay dividends to the Galli Grandchildren. This act of the company has seriously caused breach to the provisions under the constitution of that company. It was the right of the Galli Grandchildren to get the dividend as they are holders of A class share. Therefore, it can be stated that the Gallis have option to bring action against the company to get the oppression remedies. In case of the oppression, the court may give remedies regarding the claim as follows: The company can be wound up; The provisions of the constitution can be modifies, if required; The share capital of the company relating to the person can be transmitted by will. The court can appoint receiver in certain circumstances; The court may even ordered to perform any duties as the court may deem fit. The doctrine of share buy-back is the main theme of this question. Two terms are involved in the doctrine. One is share buy and another is sharing buy-back. The main function of the shareholders in a company is to buy the share of the company and strengthen the economic condition of the company. The shareholders are, therefore playing an important role regarding the monetary affairs of the company. The event of share buy-back has taken place when the shares of the shareholders are purchasing by the company again. Therefore, it can be stated that the term share buy-back happened when the company has decided to buy back all the shares bought by the shareholders of the company for certain reasons (Jacob Jacob, 2013). The reasons for the same can be regarded as the shareholders are part of the company and if it has been decided by the company to reduce the capital cost of the company by reducing the sharing ownership of the shareholders. The Corporation Act 2001 makes certain provisions regarding the buy-back policies to regulate the matter relating to the same systematically. The provision regarding the same has been engraved under section 257B of the Act (Mitchell, Izan Lim, 2015). It is to be kept in mind that the reasons for the buy-back policy do not only stand on the negative base to the shareholders. It has certain benefits that help to secure the interest of the shareholders as a whole. The parameters regarding the share earnings will be increased by way of share buy-back policy. The company at the present market price is purchasing all the shares. Therefore, the shareholders are making profits in this system. The remaining shareholders are also become potential through this process. The process of share buy-back can be taken place by way of two ways. One is the open market and another is the off market. It is up to the company in which way they will be conducted the process. The present problem is based on the capital reduction process. The term capital reduction is related to the term equity. It is the right of the every shareholder to keep certain equity. The quantity of equity can be reduced by way of cancellation of shares or it can be reduced by way of repurchasing the shares by the companies again. Company has stated it under section 257B of the Corporation Act 2001 regarding the buy-back process of the shares. The provision regarding the cancellation of shares is mentioned under section 256B of the Corporation Act 2001. The impacts of the capital reduction do not affect the interest of the shareholders much. It has been observed in the case that this company is also intending to use the capital reduction process (Yarram Dollery, 2015). The process of capital reduction is a process of systematic thought. It is to be kept in mind that the process should not based on the arbitrary procedure. Notice regarding the same is to be sent to the creditors in this aspect and it is necessary to make an entry regarding the capital reduction in the record book of the company. The company should conduct a general meeting and if the resolution were passed on the behalf of the reduction, the same will be recorded after three months of the assurance. In the provinces of Australia, Australian Security and Investment Commission is in the charge of regulate the capital reduction. Certain consents are necessary regarding the capital reduction system. Special resolution is needed to implement the policies regarding the capital reduction. It is not possible to reduce the capital without conducting the special resolution. However, consent is also necessary regarding the reduction. All the problems relating to the matter should be resolved by the interference of the tribunal. Reference: Akyol, A.C. and Foo, C.C., 2013. Share repurchase reasons and the market reaction to actual share repurchases: Evidence from Australia.International Review of Finance,13(1), pp.1-37. Dhaliwal, D., Li, O.Z., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The roles of stakeholder orientation and financial transparency.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,33(4), pp.328-355. Galloway, C., 2016. Crisis Communication Research in Australia.The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research, pp.337-346. Garling, S., Hunt, J., Smith, D. and Sanders, W., 2013.Contested governance: culture, power and institutions in Indigenous Australia(p. 351). ANU Press. Hooi, S.E., Albaity, M. and Ibrahimy, A.I., 2015. Dividend policy and share price volatility.Investment Management and Financial Innovations,12(1), pp.226-234. Iftikhar, A.B., Raja, N.U.D.J. and Sehran, K.N., 2017. IMPACT OF DIVIDEND POLICY ON STOCK PRICES OF FIRM.Theoretical Applied Science, (3), pp.32-37. Jacob, M. and Jacob, M., 2013. Taxation, dividends, and share repurchases: Taking evidence global.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,48(4), pp.1241-1269. Mitchell, J., Izan, H.Y. and Lim, R., 2015. Australian on-market buy-backs: an examination of valuation issues. Wood, D., Watson, L. and Chung, E., 2014. Cancellation of elective surgery within 24 hours: avoidable and can we improve the outcome?.Bju International,113, pp.28-29. Yarram, S.R. and Dollery, B., 2015. Corporate governance and financial policies: Influence of board characteristics on the dividend policy of Australian firms.Managerial Finance,41(3), pp.

Ines of My Soul Essay Example

Ines of My Soul Paper In Isabel Allende’s Ines of My Soul, one woman, Ines Suarez, challenges the traditional role of women and society by embarking upon a journey alongside her companion to conquer a part of the New World. Throughout the expedition, Ines faces challenges because of her gender, yet she also manages to use her gender and the traditional gender role to her advantage. In Spain, machismo was prevalent in society, allowing for men to feel and act as if inherently superior to women. Although she was not a submissive wife, Ines was still subject to sexist remarks by her husband, Rodrigo de Quiroga. For example, as Ines attempted to discourage Rodrigo from an expedition to the New World by arguing that everything had already been discovered, Rodrigo shouts, â€Å"How ignorant you are, woman! † Yet, Ines refused to be submissive and would sometimes react rebelliously and demand respect, sometimes resorting to physical violence in order to be respected. Although societal norms encouraged women to stay home, Ines had the intention of leaving to the New World behind Rodrigo, despite the dangers they could have faced. As soon as the trip initiated, Ines gained her respect from the members on board. Working in a nun’s hospital in Plasencia, Ines had learned how to cauterize wounds and care for people with broken bones, which worked to her benefit as sailors sought her help, in addition to her food. Ines would also use the role as the disconsolate wife to her advantage. As she intended to sail to Peru with a group of Dominican priests, Ines wore her black dresses to express her fidelity to Juan, yet Ines had not loved Juan in years. Yet, Ines would endure several worrying situations, especially among men. We will write a custom essay sample on Ines of My Soul specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ines of My Soul specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ines of My Soul specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since it was rare for a woman to set sail alone and surrounded completely by men, Ines was an easy target for sexual harassment. Sebastian Romero in one instance tried to rape Ines. On her journey to Peru, men also harassed Ines despite the vigilance by priests. The fact that Ines was one of the very few Spanish women in the region did contribute to some challenges, yet it also contributed to certain benefits. Ines explains that since men were not accustomed to seeing a Spanish woman without a partner, they also treated her with great consideration. In that long, slow journey to Cuzco they tended to my needs, shared their food with me, lent me their tents and mounds, and gave me boots and a blanket woven of vicuna, the finest cloth in the world. † Indeed, Ines enjoyed many privileges because she was Spanish. Ines also benefitted of the different culture of the New World. In Peru, no one denied her respect. Pedro de Valdivia was a married man yet Ines justified their relationshi p by arguing that in the New World, â€Å"†¦men needed immediate love, or a substitute for it. Besides, men have mistresses in Spain. † Ines’s character was very different from the traditional conduct of women at that time. In fact, Pedro admits that Ines was intimidating. She was also very assertive. Yet, because of women’s inferior status in society, Ines would not be taken seriously as she tried to convince Pizarro to allow her to accompany Pedro de Valdivia on his quest to Chile. However, Ines would use one of her skills to her advantage, that of dowsing, or locating water as an argument for why she should be allowed to go. When in Chile, Ines does indeed find water and all the conquistadores manage to drink, for which they, especially Pedro de Valdivia, were very thankful with Ines. â€Å"She saved us from thirst and in the desert†¦she, more than anyone, deserves to participate in this meeting. † Yet, Ines did express concern at times with her role as a woman among men. As the captains debated whether to execute Sancho de la Hoz, Ines remained silent and did not tell Pedro what he should do, since she did not want to be seen as a virago who told de Valdivia everything that he should do. During the battles against the indigenous, Ines and the other women were expected to cook for the soldiers and take care of them. Indeed, the women played a key role in the sustenance of the soldiers. Ines, Catalina, Cecilia, and other women would go to surrounding areas and trade with the indigenous tribes. They also considered themselves ‘healers’ and ‘physicians. ’ As Ines states, â€Å"We had good hands for setting broken bones, cauterizing wounds, and helping as midwives; those talents served us well. Certainly, Ines and the other women played an important role in the colonization of such countries, including Chile. In Spain, women lived in a highly patriarchal society. Yet, even though such traits were present in the New World, women were allowed to express themselves more freely there. In the New World, women had a higher chance of social mobility and increasing their social status. With them, they brought their nurturing skills as caretakers of the soldiers, which contributed to their survival significantly. However, one also has to consider the hardships that women had to endure. Ines Suarez faced many of these challenges, yet her character allowed her to overcome them. She also possessed unique talents that allowed her to earn a higher level of respect from the men. However, not all women who came with the conquistadors shared such qualities. ? Bibliography Allende, Isabel. Ines of My Soul. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2006. Burkholder, Mark A. , and Lyman L. Johnson. Colonial Latin America. 7 ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Role of Judicial Review Bush vs. Gore

Role of Judicial Review Bush vs. Gore Introduction: Description of the dispute Judicial review is a distinctive feature of constitutional law in the United States. This is The reason why the power held by federal courts to test federal and state legislative enactments and other actions can be overlooked by the supreme court which in most cases its faced by disagreements among the detractors and its supporters about its doctrines and its application.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Role of Judicial Review: Bush vs. Gore specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The conduction of a presidential elections and declaring a winner is the most important decision to be made in a democratic state. As simple as it all sounds presidential election are complex processes. The United States was a victim of the interesting interplay experienced between the executive and the judicial branches of government during the 2000 U.S. general elections. This report describes an d analyzes the role of judicial review in the outcome of the 2000 presidential results in America. The election results ended up being a court issue where the United States Supreme Court had to intervene and pronounced George W. Bush the winner even though the election was closely contested. In this paper, I will seek to analyze the threat that was posed by the Bush V Gore case to the judicial procedures in this country whereby in the 2000 presidential elections provoked indifference between the running candidates and their supporters leading to a series of court procession to determine the outcome results. Americans turned out to take part in the elections through casting votes and following the vote the counting process. However this was disrupted by the dispute that erupted as vote counting process came to a close in the state of Florida. The principal problem during the 2000 American presidential elections was the manner in which the votes were counted since the election victory hung upon a terribly close margin and the most challenged fight for Florida’s 25 electoral votes. According to many experts like Thayer views, there was no uniformity standards employed while in counting the different types of ballots across the nations for years. The nature of balloting during an election in United States varies from state to state across the nation. The variation could be in terms of the size of areas in geographical measures or the number of people who are eligible and registered voters. How an individual will cast the vote is entirely a process that is overseen by the local officials because most of the voting systems are paid for locally.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They oversee the kind of equipment to be used and the forms of ballots to be used. Absent ballots which had not been counted in some jurisdictions were left out once, i t was determined there were fewer absentee ballots than the difference in the vote between the two leading candidates. According to the Electoral College system, a candidate who wins the elections is considered to â€Å"take-all†,having been allocated all votes he/she is declared the victor. On November 7, 2000, after the completion of a nationwide count of ballot papers records showed that Al Gore was in the lead against his opponent Bush with a total of 266-246 of the electoral votes. The winning candidate had to garner 270 electoral votes. At that time Florida had not yet concluded its voting outcome for the 25 electoral votes due to machine counting error. But thereafter as soon as the machine count was over Bush was leading despite the minimal margin that was present, about 100 votes. After declaring Bush as the victor of the elections, Gore requested a manual recount of the ballots to be conducted in certain counties in the state of Florida and his request was backed by a number of state officials who including Florida’s Attorney General Bob Butterworth who headed the Democrats’ campaigns in Florida. Reasoning of the court in the case The Florida Supreme Court then extended the deadline for completion of recounts as they ordered a recount of the votes through the manual method for all the ballots which counting machines had not recorded to having any presidential choice. The precise legal claim presented by Bush was that he sorts a stay from the Florida Supreme Court order permitting an electoral recount of the ballots for the presidential elections. The electoral voting turnout declared Bush the winner over his counterpart by a very small margin. The results of the counts then saw Gore seeking the Florida Supreme Court to order a manual recount of the votes because of the â€Å"under votes†. After examining the arguments presented by Gore the Florida Supreme Court ordered a recount to be conducted across the state of Florida. This decision led to Bush appealing the judgment passed by the Florida Supreme Court to the United States Supreme Court arguing that their decision was violating the federal statute which requires electors to have finalized all the works at hand before the meeting at the Electoral College commenced. He was being represented by Theodore Olson who claimed that recounting of the votes was violating an equal protection clause that is presented in the fourteenth amendment of the United States constitution. Bugh (2010) notes â€Å"the main issue was the questionable votes cast those for democrats’ who may have been confused by how the balloting was being conducted† The procedure for voting involved punching a hole next to an individual preferred candidate a procedure which many Democrats’ supporters complained of having been confused with the name placement of the candidates forcing many to vote for the wrong candidate.Advertising We will write a custom resea rch paper sample on Role of Judicial Review: Bush vs. Gore specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Others claimed to have had a problem as the machines failed to make a hole at the correct sport and hence they were only able to indent their choice. Apart from these there are those people who voted for more than one presidential candidate amidst the confusion, sparking more controversies as to whether or not a vote recount could be conducted. Why the decision was Problematic Once the issue was presented to the legal institutions, it brought into light the use of policy in solving matters involving judicial decision-making (Cannon, 2000). According to the courts, procedures governing the manual count did not satisfy the minimum requirement for no arbitrary treatment of voters a clause found under the Equal Protection of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Florida Supreme Court ordered a recount of the cast votes but the appeal of the case to U.S. Supreme C ourt verdict is that their decision is to overturn the decision taken by the Florida Supreme Court calling off the manual recounting of the votes. This decision was the final rule by seven justices who pointed out the decision by the Florida Supreme Court to conduct a recount was an action that failed to observe the constitutional rights stating, Because it is evident that any recount seeking to meet the Dec. 12 date will be unconstitutional we reverse the judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida ordering the recount to proceed According to these justices, vote recounting in Florida did not meet the minimum requirement needed for non-arbitrary treatment of voters necessary to secure the fundamental right to vote (Bush v Gore, 121 S Ct 525, 530 (2000). Justification for using judicial review Courts are becoming major players in the political arena as demonstrated in the case Bush v. Gore. The intervention made by the United States Supreme Court in declaring the 2000 election victor made the institution become an object of political controversy. Those who opposed the decision ruled by the Supreme Court viewed the verdict as favoring one party, making the Court partisan. According to these people (opposers), the courts helped Bush ‘steal the election’ while those proposing that the court had done its best based their argument on the fact that they considered their ruling with the help of legal considerations.Advertising Looking for research paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main problem following the ruling of the case was the dissatisfaction of both those in the political field opposing the verdict and the supporters of Al Gore. â€Å"Justices are sometimes accused of targeting their partisan and ideological foes that makes them more liable to strike down laws passed by bipartisan majorities as by ideologically distant majorities† (Bugh 2010). Another problem arising from the ruling of the case Bush v Gore was that the verdict suggested that the court was motivated by a particular kind of partisanship. A kind of which could not even be compared to the promotion of broad political principles through the development of constitutional doctrine. In this case, it is clear that there is a difference between the commonly referred to as high politics played by political principle and the low politics of the partisan advantage. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bush 5-2 from voting that was carried out by justices who had before contributing to th e revolutionizing of constitutional doctrines. Hence it would be fair to note that during the case these justices were in a way obligated to promote a relatively consistent set of ideological positions which protected the state government process from being interfered with by the federal supervision. However the justices failed and instead they adopted whatever legal arguments they found favoring the Republican candidate George W. Bush. (Kelly 2003) According to Mark Graber’s reasoning, the twenty first century has brought about a number of changes in U.S Supreme Court’s justices. The Supreme Court justices announced constitutional limits on federal and state power by declaring federal and state laws unconstitutional. There are statements that are used by legal officials to restrain federal and states officials routinely â€Å"we hold that the act exceeds the authority of congress†, or â€Å"we hold that the congressional veto provision in 244(c) (2)†¦ is unconstitutional (INS v Chadha 462 U.S. 919 959(1983) (Brooks 2000). The Supreme Court is able to declare a law unconstitutional if the cases are involved in limiting federal authority. This is the same right found in opinions striking down laws that enjoy substantial popular support and in opinions striking down laws of interest only to a few specialists. The same opinion is embraced by both the liberal and conservative justices asserting â€Å"this law is unconstitutional† when imposing constitutional limits on government power. As the establishment of judicial review commenced, the Supreme Court acknowledged that the Marshall Courts made it easier for judicial review to be implemented by separating the law from the politics. It was important for America to establish and implement judicial review in both legal and political terms. Before, Supreme Court justices would have an influence over the political state of America only when influential members of the incumbent regime showed its support for judicial review. These political officials supporting judicial reviews would continue supporting it for as long as the policies decided upon were to the advantage of the influential political members. The establishment of judicial review sheds light on recent debates raised during strategic voting by justices. Marshall’s manner of voting was considered a strategic one. The laws he thought were unconstitutional were sustained especially those that were perceived as being more aggressive in judicial action and would tend to damage the political foundations for judicial review. Judicial power can be explained as the ability to make an individual do something that they would otherwise not do. There are several cases that can be used to provide evidence of such powerful practices over time. According to Brooks (1986), there are ways in which laws and politics are used in the structuring of the judicial decisions. During the 2000 elections the Supreme Court e nded the most contentious presidential race by declaring Bush the winning candidate. The Democrats’ supporters accused the courts of having practiced partisan politics while the Republicans congratulated the courts efforts in following the rule of law. Amidst the controversies around the appointment of President Bush was the debate about judicial decision making process carried out by the Supreme Court. The main question was how the Supreme Court ended up making their decisions, did they base their decision on the constitution and the laws specified or did they base theory decisions on politics and policy references? The Supreme Court violated some important principles and even circumvented federal law deciding the case. Courts are obligated to make decision on cases basing their preferences on the law and not policy preferences. This is the reason why many challenged the decision made in the case of Bush vs. Al Gore. Its intervention was clearly unprecedented and intruded up on the political processes in many aspects. Having halted the vote counting process the court is said to have prevented a democratic ending of a states’ most important decision. To many people the statement â€Å"ballots shall not be counted† as ruled by the courts was an ironical gesture, considering the fact that United States claims of being a state with special stature as a democracy. Conclusion The courts function in deciding which person is right and who is wrong basing their verdict on the states laws. Persons who have the authority to exercise the review power are obligated to ensure that the grantee believes that the grant extends to the arising occasion. Once the decision is wrong then the person is accountable to the grantor only unless a person is an authority paramount to both the grantee and the granter. The Supreme Court decided to stop ongoing voting recount in Florida, with a 5-2 leading vote, the decision was therefore based on the fact that if vote c ounting would have been prolonged then the state of Florida had no chance of having their electoral votes counted since they were violating the federal statute and it would not be right to pass the verdict without challenging it in Congress under the Electoral Count Act. Justification of ending vote recount The Equal Protection Clause is a guarantee to each person who votes that as a voter, ones ballot cannot be devalued. For this reason the verdict placed by the Florida Supreme Court was against the constitution of America. Recounting the votes would be considered by many critics a fair move in terms of theory but in terms of practice the process was unfair. Besides, the time to stop all ballot counting processes was almost over that is why the court held that there was no constitutional recount that could have been carried out in such a short time. The court’s reasoning was that counties varied in their balloting procedures so conducting a manual recount of these cast votes would take longer than the stipulated time. In actual sense the legislative council wanted to take advantage of the â€Å"Safe Harbor Act† provided in the United States constitution under section 5. The recount was also unconstitutional because the Florida Supreme Court’s decision made new election law which could only be carried out by the states legislature. Legal counsel experts, (Breyer, Souter, Rehnquist,Scalia and Thomas) agreed that vote recounting in Florida was unconstitutional since it violated the equal protection clause. They opposed basing their argument in respect to the remedy, believing that the decision taken could have been right if only it was stated clearly under a constitutional recount (Cannon 2000). Taking into consideration that the Equal Protection clause warrants individuals that their ballots cannot be diminished by later arbitrary and disparate treatment, the per curiam view argued that the Florida Supreme Courts slate for recounting ballot s was not constitutional even if the recount was reasonable in theory, it was inequitable in practice. The confirmation indicates that different standards were applied from ballot to ballot, area to area, and county to county. Due to those and other procedural ambiguities, the court ruled that no constitutional recount could be done within the short timeline (that was short since the Florida legislature desired to take advantage of the safe harbor provided by 3 USC Section 5). Abominate to make wide pattern, the per curiam view limited its holding to the present case with Rehnquist (in a concurring view together with Scalia and Thomas) perceived that the recount slate was also not constitutional since the Florida Supreme Courts verdict made new election law that only the state legislature could pass. Many law experts concurred with the per curiam arguing that the Florida Courts recount slate was in contravention with the Equal Protection Clause, but they disputed with respect to th e remedy, judging that a constitutional recount could be bent and time could be insubstantial when constitutional liberties are at stake. Ginsburg and Stevens suggested that because federal laws, the Florida Supreme Courts judgment ought to stand. Furthermore, the Florida decision was essentially right; the Constitution required that all votes to be counted. Courts cannot justify their halting vote the counting process in Florida. From the perspective of several legal officials and critics cite the use of the equal protection clause could spark a new era whereby courts would use the clause as a way to get a solution to fundamental inequality issues during an election.The Supreme Court truly lacked jurisdiction to decide the case outcome. The reason being that all evidence presented were not enough to be used for making any decisions most especially because the case was in a political context. Though the 5 justices invocated the Equal Protection criteria, it is generally suspected of being a partisan scheme, arguing that Floridas original recount was unconstitutional in fact has grounds: There is no convincing coherent basis for a state to physically recount under votes ballots in which a machine doesn’t record any vote for president but not over votes ballots in which a machine records numerous entries for president (Mark1999) Also, the 5 justices failed to remand Bush v. Gore to Florida after declaring that the recounting procedures in Florida as unconstitutional and argued that the issue was lawfully unjustified and defenseless. They explained that Dec. 12 was Floridas self-imposed timeline for closing the presidential vote counting and choosing a schedule of electors for the winning candidate and that this timeline was hours to time Bush v. Gore was served. According to federal law, â€Å"when a state sets its schedule of electors by Dec. 12, the confines of the schedule is not subject to attack during Electoral College proceedings held in Congre ss on Jan. 6† (Learned 1958). While meeting such a timeline is to be desired, there is no hint at all that the state’s legislature desired to stick to this timeline at the cost of securing an exact vote count and the selecting of the equally justifiable schedule of presidential electors. Alternatives for the court The court did not have to make any decisions from case. There were other alternatives available to the court, which made more sense than those selected the by Florida court. The State Supreme Court could have defined a â€Å"legal vote†, the refusal of which affected the election. That is, the Supreme Court needed to look at other election statute,  §101.5614(5), to deal with spoiled or defective votes that gives a proviso that no vote shall be disregarded if there was an apparent sign of the intention of the voter as decided by the canvassing board (Thayer). The justices read that point of looking to the voters intention as implying that the legislat ure perhaps meant legal vote to refer to a vote recorded on ballots showing what the voter deliberated. It is apparent that the majority might have taken a different reading and thus it is constitutional to follow the majority’s opinion. This alternative preserves the court’s institutional legitimacy and the cherished democratic values. (Bickel 1986) The courts could have refrained from interfering in the matter because of its political aspects. In respect to political question doctrines, there is a clear separation of power between the Supreme Court and other government institutions. The Supreme Court is not allowed to decide cases that are constitutionally committed to other branches of government. The courts are also obligated not to interfere with issues related to the legislative or executive branches of government to preserve the separation of powers. Instead the courts would have allowed the matter be resolved by the legislative branch of government which handle s electoral processes. Therefore from the Bush v Gore case, it compromises our judicial system as the Supreme Court did not act appropriately in addressing the matter. In addition thought not in a large way, the case exposed how our civil liberties were being compromised and the inability of the judicial system to address them appropriately. References Bickel A., (1986).Establishment and general justification of judicial review.New York, NY. John Willey. Brooks, J. (2000). Ethics experts say Scalia, Thomas connections not conflicts of interest. CNN. Web. Bugh, G. E. (2010). â€Å"Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System.† In Electoral College Reform: Challenges and Possibilities, ed. Gary E. Bugh. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishers. Bush, et al. v. Gore et al 531 U.S. 98.Certiorarito the Supreme Court Of Florida.No. 00-949. Argued December 11, 2000-Decided December 12,2000. Cannon, C. (2000). After All the Acrimony.The Election Ends o n Grace Notes. Web. Kelly, J. (2003)Judicial review. Harvard Law Review Volume 7 (1893-94) Retrieved from Learned Hand, (1958). The Bill of Rights. Web. Mark, G. (1999). Problematic establishment of judicial review. New York, NY: John Willey.  https://harvardlawreview.org/

Impact transportation has on the economy and the environment Research Paper

Impact transportation has on the economy and the environment - Research Paper Example Products produced in a certain locality can be transported to other regions where they are scarce. In these regions, the prices will be a bit higher. This additional income economically empowers the producers. Efficient transport enhances mobility of people and goods. This saves on time and costs. The people can move easily to their employment places and the businessmen can also transport their products to the markets. This enhances economic activities in the country. Transportation companies also offer employment to many people (Rodrigue & Notteboom, 2013). This employment provides income to the people and reduces unemployment in a given country. A low level of unemployment is an indicator of economic growth. Another economic impact is that transportation enables access to a wider market. This enables division of labor and specialization. This is because when a variety of products can be availed to consumers when they are required from any region, then the producers of that particular region do not have to produce all sorts of products but can specialize in some of the products. Specialization leads to better production methods, which eventually lead firms to increase their production. Increased output leads firms to enjoy the economies of scale hence greater profitability. Higher production also leads to a higher demand for transportation services, which leads to greater profitability for those in the transportation business. Transport also enables companies to get access to inputs and skilled labor. Skilled labor enables firms to use the most efficient and cost effective methods in production. This lowers the cost of production and increases profits for businesses (MaÄ iulis, Vasiliauskas & Jakubauskas, 2009). Indirect effects include lowering of product prices, increase of product variety and purchases by companies in the transport sector. Since transport enhances the mobility of people and commodities, goods can be availed to any region from all